archive/tar: reuse temporary buffer in readHeader

A temporary 512 bytes buffer is allocated for every call to
readHeader. This buffer isn't returned to the caller and it could
be reused to lower the number of memory allocations.

This CL improves it by using a pool and zeroing out the buffer before
putting it back into the pool.

benchmark                  old ns/op     new ns/op     delta
BenchmarkListFiles100k     545249903     538832687     -1.18%

benchmark                  old allocs    new allocs    delta
BenchmarkListFiles100k     2105167       2005692       -4.73%

benchmark                  old bytes     new bytes     delta
BenchmarkListFiles100k     105903472     54831527      -48.22%

This improvement is very important if your code has to deal with a lot
of tarballs which contain a lot of files.

LGTM=dsymonds
R=golang-codereviews, dave, dsymonds, bradfitz
CC=golang-codereviews
https://golang.org/cl/108240044

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