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diff --git a/t/lib-httpd/http-429.sh b/t/lib-httpd/http-429.sh
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+++ b/t/lib-httpd/http-429.sh
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+#!/bin/sh
+
+# Script to return HTTP 429 Too Many Requests responses for testing retry logic.
+# Usage: /http_429/<test-context>/<retry-after-value>/<repo-path>
+#
+# The test-context is a unique identifier for each test to isolate state files.
+# The retry-after-value can be:
+#   - A number (e.g., "1", "2", "100") - sets Retry-After header to that many seconds
+#   - "none" - no Retry-After header
+#   - "invalid" - invalid Retry-After format
+#   - "permanent" - always return 429 (never succeed)
+#   - An HTTP-date string (RFC 2822 format) - sets Retry-After to that date
+#
+# On first call, returns 429. On subsequent calls (after retry), forwards to git-http-backend
+# unless retry-after-value is "permanent".
+
+# Extract test context, retry-after value and repo path from PATH_INFO
+# PATH_INFO format: /<test-context>/<retry-after-value>/<repo-path>
+path_info="${PATH_INFO#/}"  # Remove leading slash
+test_context="${path_info%%/*}"  # Get first component (test context)
+remaining="${path_info#*/}"  # Get rest
+retry_after="${remaining%%/*}"  # Get second component (retry-after value)
+repo_path="${remaining#*/}"  # Get rest (repo path)
+
+# Extract repository name from repo_path (e.g., "repo.git" from "repo.git/info/refs")
+# The repo name is the first component before any "/"
+repo_name="${repo_path%%/*}"
+
+# Use current directory (HTTPD_ROOT_PATH) for state file
+# Create a safe filename from test_context, retry_after and repo_name
+# This ensures all requests for the same test context share the same state file
+safe_name=$(echo "${test_context}-${retry_after}-${repo_name}" | tr '/' '_' | tr -cd 'a-zA-Z0-9_-')
+state_file="http-429-state-${safe_name}"
+
+# Check if this is the first call (no state file exists)
+if test -f "$state_file"
+then
+	# Already returned 429 once, forward to git-http-backend
+	# Set PATH_INFO to just the repo path (without retry-after value)
+	# Set GIT_PROJECT_ROOT so git-http-backend can find the repository
+	# Use exec to replace this process so git-http-backend gets the updated environment
+	PATH_INFO="/$repo_path"
+	export PATH_INFO
+	# GIT_PROJECT_ROOT points to the document root where repositories are stored
+	# The script runs from HTTPD_ROOT_PATH, and www/ is the document root
+	if test -z "$GIT_PROJECT_ROOT"
+	then
+		# Construct path: current directory (HTTPD_ROOT_PATH) + /www
+		GIT_PROJECT_ROOT="$(pwd)/www"
+		export GIT_PROJECT_ROOT
+	fi
+	exec "$GIT_EXEC_PATH/git-http-backend"
+fi
+
+# Mark that we've returned 429
+touch "$state_file"
+
+# Output HTTP 429 response
+printf "Status: 429 Too Many Requests\r\n"
+
+# Set Retry-After header based on retry_after value
+case "$retry_after" in
+	none)
+		# No Retry-After header
+		;;
+	invalid)
+		printf "Retry-After: invalid-format-123abc\r\n"
+		;;
+	permanent)
+		# Always return 429, don't set state file for success
+		rm -f "$state_file"
+		printf "Retry-After: 1\r\n"
+		printf "Content-Type: text/plain\r\n"
+		printf "\r\n"
+		printf "Permanently rate limited\n"
+		exit 0
+		;;
+	*)
+		# Check if it's a number
+		case "$retry_after" in
+			[0-9]*)
+				# Numeric value
+				printf "Retry-After: %s\r\n" "$retry_after"
+				;;
+			*)
+				# Assume it's an HTTP-date format (passed as-is, URL decoded)
+				# Apache may URL-encode the path, so decode common URL-encoded characters
+				# %20 = space, %2C = comma, %3A = colon
+				retry_value=$(echo "$retry_after" | sed -e 's/%20/ /g' -e 's/%2C/,/g' -e 's/%3A/:/g')
+				printf "Retry-After: %s\r\n" "$retry_value"
+				;;
+		esac
+		;;
+esac
+
+printf "Content-Type: text/plain\r\n"
+printf "\r\n"
+printf "Rate limited\n"